Esd protection circuit

ABSTRACT

An ESD protection circuit includes a terminal connected to the cathode of a first diode and to the anode of a second diode, where the cathode of the second diode is not made of epitaxial silicon.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to electrostatic discharge protection circuits and to methods of manufacturing such a device.

Description of the Related Art

Issues related to electrostatic discharges are all the more present now that electronic circuit components are smaller and smaller and closer and closer to one another. The protection of electronic circuits against electrostatic discharges is a significant challenge to ensure the reliability and the durability of the circuits.

There thus is a permanent need for electrostatic discharge protection circuits having better performance. Specifically, there is a permanent need to better the quality of the protection to satisfy the increasing demands in terms of performance of broadband applications.

BRIEF SUMMARY

An embodiment provides an electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection circuit comprising a terminal connected to the cathode of a first diode and to the anode of a second diode, where the cathode of the second diode is not made of epitaxial silicon.

According to an embodiment, the circuit comprises a second terminal connected to the cathode of a third diode and to the anode of a fourth diode.

According to an embodiment, the cathode of the fourth diode is not made of epitaxial silicon.

According to an embodiment, the anode of the first diode is connected to the anode of a first avalanche diode and the anode of the third diode is connected to the anode of a second avalanche diode.

According to an embodiment, the cathodes of the second and fourth diodes and of the first and second avalanche diodes are connected to a same node.

According to an embodiment, the cathodes of the first and second avalanche diodes comprise N doped epitaxial silicon.

According to an embodiment, the cathodes of the second and fourth diodes are made of bulk silicon.

According to an embodiment, the anodes of the first, second, third, and fourth diodes comprise P doped epitaxial silicon.

Another embodiment provides a method of manufacturing an ESD protection circuit comprising a terminal connected to the cathode of a first diode and to the anode of a second diode, where the cathode of the second diode is not made of epitaxial silicon.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises a step of etching cavities in a semiconductor substrate.

According to an embodiment, the substrate is N doped silicon.

According to an embodiment, the substrate is bulk silicon.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises a step of forming by epitaxy silicon in the cavities.

According to an embodiment, the epitaxial silicon located in each cavity forms the cathode of an avalanche diode.

According to an embodiment, the method comprises forming a diode in series and a diode in parallel with each avalanche diode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features and advantages will be discussed in detail in the following non-limiting description of specific embodiments in connection with the accompanying drawings, among which:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of an electrostatic discharge protection circuit; and

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the circuit of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The same elements have been designated with the same reference numerals in the various drawings and, further, the various drawings are not to scale. For clarity, only those steps and elements which are useful to the understanding of the described embodiments have been shown and are detailed. In particular, the systems where the described embodiments can be used are not detailed.

In the following description, when reference is made to terms qualifying absolute positions, such as terms “front”, “back”, “top”, “bottom”, “left”, “right”, etc., or relative positions, such as terms “above”, “under”, “upper”, “lower”, etc., or to terms qualifying directions, such as terms “horizontal”, “vertical”, etc., it is referred to the orientation of the concerned elements in the drawings. Unless otherwise specified, expressions “approximately”, “substantially”, and “in the order of” mean to within 10%, preferably to within 5%.

Unless otherwise specified, when reference is made to two elements connected together, this means that the elements are directly connected with no intermediate element other than conductors, and when reference is made to two elements coupled together, this means that the two elements may be directly coupled (connected) or coupled via one or a plurality of other elements.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of an electrostatic discharge protection circuit 10.

Circuit 10 comprises two nodes or terminals 12 and 14. One of terminals 12 and 14 is for example coupled to ground and the other one is coupled to a contact pad, not shown, which is desired to be protected. Circuit 10 further comprises a central connection node 16.

As a variation, the central node may be coupled to ground and terminals 12 and 14 may be coupled to contact pads, not shown.

Terminal 12 is coupled to node 16 by a diode 18 a having its anode connected to terminal 12 and having its cathode connected to node 16. Further, terminal 12 is coupled to node 16 by a diode 20 a in series with an avalanche diode 22 a. More specifically, the cathode of diode 20 a is connected to terminal 12 and its anode is connected to the anode of avalanche diode 22 a. The cathode of avalanche diode 22 a is connected to node 16. Diode 20 a and avalanche diode 22 a are thus in parallel with diode 18 a, between terminal 12 and node 16.

Similarly, terminal 14 is coupled to node 16 by a diode 18 b having its anode connected to terminal 14 and having its cathode connected to node 16. Further, terminal 14 is coupled to node 16 by a diode 20 b in series with an avalanche diode 22 b. More specifically, the cathode of diode 20 b is connected to terminal 14 and its anode is connected to the anode of avalanche diode 22 b. The cathode of avalanche diode 22 b is connected to node 16. Diode 20 and avalanche diode 22 b are thus in parallel with diode 18 b, between terminal 14 and node 16. Avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b are for example Zener diodes.

It is for example considered that terminal 14 is coupled to ground and that terminal 12 is coupled to a contact pad.

A positive voltage peak at the level of terminal 12 turns on diode 18 a and, if the amplitude of the voltage peak is sufficiently high to cause the avalanche phenomenon in diode 22 b, avalanche diode 22 b, and diode 20 b. The peak is thus dissipated in the ground. A negative voltage peak at the ground causes a similar phenomenon. The voltage peak turns on diode 18 b and, if the amplitude of the voltage peak is sufficiently high to cause the avalanche phenomenon in diode 22 a, avalanche diode 22 a and diode 20 a. The voltage peak is thus dissipated by terminal 12. The circuit is thus bidirectional.

The selection of the thresholds of avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b enables to select from which amplitude the voltage peak should be dissipated.

FIG. 2 is a cross-section view illustrating an embodiment of circuit 10 of FIG. 1.

Circuit 10 comprises, from left to right in FIG. 2, an area 24 having avalanche diode 22 a (FIG. 1) and diode 20 a (FIG. 1) formed therein, an area 26 having diode 18 a formed therein (FIG. 1), an area 28 having diode 18 b formed therein (FIG. 1) and an area 30 having avalanche diode 22 b (FIG. 1) and diode 20 b (FIG. 1) formed therein.

The different areas are separated from one another and from neighboring components by insulating wells 32, for example, N doped wells.

Circuit 10 comprises a substrate 34 made of a semiconductor material, for example of silicon. Substrate 34 is N-type doped (N+). Substrate 34 is for example made of bulk silicon.

Substrate 34 contains epitaxial silicon regions 36. The epitaxial silicon of regions 36 is N-type doped. A P doped silicon region 38 (P+) is located in the upper portion in each region 36.

Regions 36 and 38 extend in areas 24 and 30, for example, across more than 90% of their widths. Regions 38 are separated from wells 32 by portions of substrate 34 and/or portions of region 36.

The regions 36 and 38 located in area 24 respectively form the cathode and the anode of avalanche diode 22 a. Similarly, the regions 36 and 38 located in area 30 respectively form the cathode and the anode of avalanche diode 22 b.

Circuit 10 further comprises a P doped epitaxial silicon layer 40. Layer 40 is located on substrate 34 and on regions 36 and 38. Layer 40 extends over the substrate, at least in areas 24, 26, 28, and 30.

Areas 24 and 30 each comprise, in the upper portion of layer 40, a region 42 (42 a in area 24 and 42 b in area 30) made of N doped silicon (N+). Regions 42 correspond to the cathode of diode 20 a (area 24) and of diode 20 b (area 30). The portions of layer 40 located in areas 24 and 30 form the anodes of diode 20 a (area 24) and of diode 20 b (area 30). The contacts between layer 40 and regions 38 in areas 24 and 30 form the electric connections between the anodes of diodes 20 a and 20 b and the anodes of avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b.

In areas 26 and 28, diodes 18 a and 18 b are formed by the N doped substrate and P doped layer 40. Areas 26 and 28 for example each comprise, in their upper portion, a P doped (P+) silicon region 44 (44 a in area 26 and 44 b in area 28), more heavily doped than layer 40, to ease the contacting. The silicon of the substrate is for example bulk silicon. The cathodes of diodes 18 a and 18 b thus comprise no epitaxial silicon.

The circuit further comprises, furthermore, an insulator layer 50, for example, made of thermal oxide. Layer 50 comprises openings exposing regions 42 and 44. Layers 52 made of a conductive material, for example a metal, extend on the side of portions of layer 50 to electrically connect each region 42 with a region 44. More particularly, the region 42 a of area 24 is connected to the region 44 a of area 26 by a layer 52 a and the region 42 b of area 30 is connected to the region 44 b of area 28 by a layer 52 b.

Thus, substrate 34 forms node 16, the regions 42 and 44 of areas 24 and 26 for example form terminal 12, and the regions 42 and 44 of areas 28 and 30 for example form terminal 14.

The values of the avalanche thresholds of avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b depend on the depths and the resistivity of the regions 36 of areas 24 and 30. For example, regions 36 of areas 24 and 30 have a depth between approximately 5 and approximately 10 μm, and have a resistivity higher than approximately 0.07 Ω·cm. Regions 36 may have substantially the same dimensions. Avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b then have substantially the same avalanche threshold value. Regions 36 may also have different dimensions, more particularly a different depth. The avalanche thresholds of avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b are then different and independent from each other.

It is for example considered that terminal 12 (FIG. 1), formed by regions 42 a and 44 a and layer 52 a, is coupled to a contact pad, not shown. It is for example considered that terminal 14 (FIG. 1) formed by regions 42 b and 44 b and layer 52 b is coupled to ground. When a positive voltage peak occurs at the level of terminal 12, for example, when a user touches the contact pad, not shown, the diode of area 26 (18 a, FIG. 1, formed by the portion of layer 40 in area 26 and substrate 34) becomes conductive. If the amplitude of the peak is sufficient to trigger the avalanche phenomenon of the avalanche diode of area 30 (22 b, FIG. 1, formed by the regions 36 and 38 of area 30), this avalanche diode as well as the diode of area 30 (20 b, FIG. 1, formed by the region 42 b and the layer 40 of area 30) become conductive. The voltage peak is then dissipated in the ground. Similarly, when a positive voltage peak occurs at the level of terminal 14, the diode of area 28 (18 b, FIG. 1, formed by the portion of layer 40 in area 28 and substrate 34) becomes conductive. If the amplitude of the peak is sufficient to trigger the avalanche of the avalanche diode of area 24 (22 a, FIG. 1, formed by the regions 36 and 38 of area 24), this avalanche diode, as well as the diode of area 24 (20 a, FIG. 1, formed by the region 42 a and the layer 40 of area 24), become conductive. The voltage peak is then dissipated by terminal 12.

An example of a method of manufacturing the circuit of FIG. 2 comprises a step of forming first and second cavities at the locations where regions 36 are desired to be formed. Silicon is formed by epitaxy in the cavities to form regions 36. The dimensions, particularly the depth, of the first and second cavities may be substantially equal or different. Regions 38 are then formed in regions 36.

The method further comprises steps of forming layer 40 by epitaxy, of forming regions 42 and 44 in layer 40, of forming insulating wells 32 between the different areas, of forming layer 50, and of forming conductive layers 52. The method also comprises the steps of doping the different regions and layers.

It could have been decided not to form a cavity and to form by epitaxy a silicon layer over the entire substrate 34. Areas 26 and 28 corresponding to diodes 18 a and 18 b would then have comprised an N doped epitaxial silicon layer, such as areas 24 and 26. However, such an epitaxial silicon layer would cause an increase in the dynamic resistance of diodes 18 a and 18 b which would then conduct slower and would deteriorate the quality of the protection of the circuit. Further, it would then no longer be possible to select the avalanche thresholds of avalanche diodes 22 a and 22 b independently from each other. Further, diodes 18 a and 18 b would then be degraded and would be slower.

Specific embodiments have been described. Various alterations and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. In particular, the described embodiments also apply to a one-way circuit only comprising a diode 18 a or 18 b, a diode 20 a or 20 b, and an avalanche diode 22 a or 22 b.

Further, insulating wells 32 may be replaced with insulating trenches, for example, made of silicon oxide or of silicon nitride.

Furthermore, the conductivity types of the different described parts can be inverted.

Regions 36 and 38 then extend across the entire width of regions 24 and 30. Regions 36 and 38 may possibly extend outside of insulating trenches 32 delimiting areas 24 and 30. Regions 36 and 38 may possibly extend over a portion, for example less than 30% of areas 26 and 28. This enables to only keep in areas 24 and 30 the most heavily doped or the less damaged portions of regions 36 and 38.

As a variation, if areas 26 and 28 are desired to be insulated from the portions of the regions 36 and 38 extending outside of areas 24 and 30, it is possible to form insulating trenches 32 between areas 26 and 28 and regions 36 and 38. The area between areas 24 and 26 and that between areas 28 and 30 are then covered with insulator layer 50 and conductive layer 52.

Various embodiments with different variations have been described hereinabove. It should be noted that those skilled in the art may combine various elements of these various embodiments and variations without showing any inventive step.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

1. An electrostatic discharge protection circuit comprising a terminal connected to a cathode of a first diode and to an anode of a second diode, wherein a cathode of the second diode is made of a material other than epitaxial silicon.
 2. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 1, comprising a second terminal connected to a cathode of a third diode and to an anode of a fourth diode.
 3. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 2, wherein a cathode of the fourth diode is made of a material other than epitaxial silicon.
 4. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 3, wherein an anode of the first diode is connected to an anode of a first avalanche diode and an anode of the third diode is connected to an anode of a second avalanche diode.
 5. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 4, wherein the cathodes of the second and fourth diodes and cathodes of the first and second avalanche diodes are connected to a same node.
 6. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 5, wherein the cathodes of the first and second avalanche diodes comprise N doped epitaxial silicon.
 7. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 2, wherein the cathodes of the second and fourth diodes are made of bulk silicon.
 8. The electrostatic discharge circuit of claim 2, wherein anodes of the first, second, third, and fourth diodes comprise P doped epitaxial silicon.
 9. A circuit, comprising: a first node, a second node, and central connection node; a first diode having an first anode coupled to the first node and a first cathode coupled to the central connection node, the first cathode being a material other than epitaxial silicon; a second diode having a second anode coupled to the second node and a second cathode coupled to the central connection node, the second cathode being a material other than epitaxial silicon; a third diode having cathode coupled to the first node and an anode coupled to an anode of a first avalanche diode, a cathode of the first avalanche diode coupled to the central connection node; and a fourth diode having cathode coupled to the second node and an anode coupled to an anode of a second avalanche diode, a cathode of the second avalanche diode coupled to the central connection node.
 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein each of the cathodes of the third and fourth diodes is a material other than epitaxial silicon.
 11. The circuit of claim 10, wherein the anodes of the third and fourth diodes are epitaxial silicon.
 12. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the cathodes of the first and second avalanche diodes are epitaxial silicon.
 13. The circuit of claim 12 further comprising a substrate having the first and second avalanche diodes in the substrate, and wherein the substrate is the central connection node.
 14. A method comprising: forming a first cavity and a second cavity in an upper surface of a semiconductor substrate; forming first and second epitaxial silicon regions in the first and second cavities, respectively, each of the first and second epitaxial regions having an upper surface; forming first and second doped silicon regions in the upper surfaces of the first and second epitaxial silicon regions, respectively, each of the first and second doped silicon regions having an upper surface; forming an epitaxial layer on the upper surface of the semiconductor substrate and on the upper surfaces of the epitaxial regions and doped silicon regions, the epitaxial layer having an upper surface; forming first and second doped silicon regions in the upper surface of the epitaxial layer over the first and second epitaxial regions, respectively; and forming, in the upper surface of a portion of the epitaxial layer over a portion of the substrate between the first and second cavities, third and fourth doped silicon regions.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: forming a first conductive layer over the epitaxial layer and extending between the first doped silicon region and third doped silicon region; and forming a second conductive layer over the epitaxial layer and extending between the second doped silicon region and fourth doped silicon region.
 16. The method of claim 14 further comprising forming first and second insulating wells extending, from the upper surface of the epitaxial layer in the portion of the epitaxial layer over the portion of the substrate between the first and second cavities, through the epitaxial layer and into the substrate between the first and second cavities.
 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising forming a third insulating well between the first and second insulating wells, the third insulating well extending from the upper surface of the epitaxial layer between the third and fourth doped silicon regions through the epitaxial layer and into the substrate between the first and second cavities.
 18. The method of claim 14 further comprising forming an insulating layer on the epitaxial layer.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the epitaxial layer comprises a P doped epitaxial layer.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the semiconductor substrate comprise and N doped silicon substrate. 